Published on August 7, 2017
Published on August 7, 2017

The first study of the Japanese art history began here.

"Japanese Art History," transcripts of lectures, taught by Ernest Fenollosa and Tenshin Okakura (Archival document owned by Chunosuke Ni-iro; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
  Tokyo Fine Arts School, which was founded in 1887, started its classes in 1889. "Esthetics and Art History" taught by Ernest Fenollosa was the first class of the Japanese art history in Japan. This class, which was taught by Fenollosa and interpreted by Tenshin, continued until 1890. After Fenollosa resigned, Tenshin took over the class. This document was transcribed by Itaro Nishihara (1871-1912) who studied casting under Koun Takamura at Tokyo Fine Arts School. Nishihara was a member of the school's second graduating class, and later engaged in restoring "Kongo Hakkaku Toro," a national treasure, at the Temple of the Great Buddha in Todaiji Temple. He died young at the age of 42. Although the reason why Chunosuke Ni-iro, who was contemporary with Nishihara, owned this document is unknown, it can be inferred that Nishihara copied the original transcriptions in and after October 1891 because the format is well-organized and titles "Professors" are added to surnames of the speakers.

 
"Japanese Art History," transcripts of lectures, taught by Ernest Fenollosa and Tenshin Okakura (Archival document owned by Chunosuke Ni-iro; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)

"The Ideals of the East" written by Tenshin Okakura (the first edition; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
The book begins with the famous sentence "Asia is one." It was published by John Murray, a publisher in London, in 1903. This is the Tenshin's first book written in English in which he discussed a variety of subjects ranging from art to civilization.

"The Awakening of Japan" written by Tenshin Okakura (the first edition published in 1904; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
This book was published by Century Company, a publisher in New York, while Tenshin stayed in the United States in order to take up a position at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In this book, he discussed the Japanese history from the foundation of the Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji Period in terms of politics and thought.
 

"The Book of Tea" written by Tenshin Okakura (the first edition published in 1904; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
In this book, Tenshin introduced the beauty and artistic spirit of the East through the Japanese tea ceremony.
 
The Japanese language version of "The Book of Tea" can be read at "Aozora Bunko," an e-library on the Internet. The original written in English can also be read at Project Gutenberg, an e-library.
 

"The Book of Tea" at Aozora BunkoLinkIcon
 
The Book of Tea LinkIcon

 Chunosuke Ni-iro (1869-1954) studied sculpture under Koun Takamura at Tokyo Fine Arts School. Although he became an assistant professor at Tokyo Fine Arts School just after graduating from the school, he resigned as the professor together with Tenshin in 1898, and joined in establishing the J明朝系apan Art Institute. The Japan Art Institute's second department (sculpture) was separated as an independent art institute, which specializes in restoring important cultural assets, such as national treasures, when the Japan Art Institute was revived after Tenshin died. Ni-iro became a director of the art institute. Currently, the art institute is operated as a public interest incorporated foundation "Bijyutsuin" at the restoring center in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto, and repair national treasures and important cultural assets while training repair technicians. Ni-iro invited Koun Takamura as an adviser when the Japan Art Institute's second department was founded. Ni-iro participated in restoring the standing figure of Fuku Kensaku Kan-non at Todaiji Temple, and reproducing the figure of Kudara Kan-non (owned by Tokyo National Museum).
 The Ni-iro family donated materials owned by Chunosuke Ni-iro to Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki, in 2014. The materials range from documents about the Japan Art Institute, cultural properties protection policies and Tokyo Fine Arts School to those of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and include important ones, such as "Japanese Art History," transcripts of lectures, taught by Fenollosa and Tenshin, and Tenshin's letters.
 

  
A postcard sent from Tenshin who stayed in Boston to Ni-iro who was engaged in repairing the Temple of the Great Buddha in Todaiji Temple on March 25, 1908. The postcard was sent under joint signature of Tenshin and Katsumi Kuroita (1874-1946), a historian, who went to Boston with Tenshin. Tenshin wrote that he asked for donations for repairing the Temple of the Great Buddha. (Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)

Tenshin on a visit to China (Qing) (1893; At an inn near Kaifeng; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
Kokichi Hayazaki went to Tokyo in 1891, and studied painting under Gaho Hashimoto while apprenticing himself to Tenshin. Hayazaki entered Tokyo Fine Arts School in 1892, and went to China as an assistant to Tenshin in order to gather information about the Chinese art. Hayazaki took the opportunity to be determined to research the Chinese art. This picture taken when they visited China indicates that Hayazaki traveled in China wearing traditional Han clothing with his hair in a pigtail.
 
 
 
 
Newspaper articles put on a scrapbook, reporting exhibitions of the Japan Art Institute, which were held in Europe and the United States (around 1904-1905; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki) 
Taikan and Shunso, who went to the United States with Tenshin, traveled across the United States, and held exhibitions in Europe. The scrapbook, which gathers newspaper articles reporting their activities, consists of 52 pages, including a cover. It contains some important materials, such as an article about "The Awakening of Japan" that was published when Tenshin stayed in the United States and "Japan and the 'Yellow Peril'," a newspaper column.
Tenshin attending a commencement at Harvard University (1911; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
A newspaper article reporting that Tenshin obtained the "Master of Arts" degree at Harvard University. The marginal notes were written by Yoshisaburo Okakura, a younger brother of Tenshin.

 

 
A letter sent from Tenshin to Chunosuke Ni-iro and Seki Takamura (1899; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
In this letter, Tenshin thanked Takamura for her hospitality, and asked Ni-iro to go to Toyama. Tenshin wrote "Tokyo Yanaka, the Japan Art Institute, Kakuzo Okakura" on the back of the envelope.
 
 
 
A letter sent from Tenshin to Chunosuke Ni-iro (1905; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki) 
The letter was sent after Tenshin moved to Izura, Ibaraki Prefecture. Tenshin wrote "Hitachino-kuni Otsu-machi, Izura, Kakuzo Okakura" on the back of the envelope.
  
 
A written request sent from Arthur Fairbanks to Chunosuke Ni-iro (left; 1911; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
A letter saying that Tenshin recommended Ni-iro for a position in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (right; 1911; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
Arthur Fairbanks, the director of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, wrote that Ni-iro was appointed a member of the Advisory Staff on the recommendation of Tenshin. In a letter sent on the same day, Tenshin also asked Ni-iro to be the adviser because Tenshin recommended Ni-iro.
 
  
A letter sent from Tenshin to Ryuichi Kuki (1913; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
Ryuichi Kuki (1852-1931) devoted himself to art administration in the Meiji Period, and successively filled various posts, including the Vice-Minister of Education and the director of Imperial Museum. Kuki kept in touch with Tenshin even after Tenshin resigned as the principal of Tokyo Fine Arts School in 1898. Tenshin sent a letter to Kuki on August 1, 1913, in which Tenshin wrote that he would accept a post as exchange professor to the United States in the next year, and officially accepted the post on August 9. However, Tenshin died of illness on September 2 in the same year.

References:
1) Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki. 2007. Shozo Shiryo Mokuroku (List of Archival Documents). Kitaibaraki: Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki.
2) Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki. 2016. Ni-iro Chunosuke Kyuzo Shiryo Mokuroku I, "Nihon Bijyutsushi" Kogiroku / Shokanhen (List of Archival Documents of Chunosuke Ni-iro I, "Japanese Art History," edited transcripts of lectures / letters). Kitaibaraki: Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki. - Supported by the Pola Art Foundation, a public interest incorporated foundation.
3) Ibaraki University. 2014. Rokkaku-do Saiken no Kiseki (Tracing Reconstruction of Rokkaku-do). Mito: Ibaraki Shimbun.
 
Materials provided by:
Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki / Izura Institute of Art & Culture, Ibaraki University / Izura Kanko Hotel Taikanso

"The Ideals of the East" written by Tenshin Okakura (the first edition; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
The book begins with the famous sentence "Asia is one." It was published by John Murray, a publisher in London, in 1903. This is the Tenshin's first book written in English in which he discussed a variety of subjects ranging from art to civilization.

"The Awakening of Japan" written by Tenshin Okakura (the first edition published in 1904; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
This book was published by Century Company, a publisher in New York, while Tenshin stayed in the United States in order to take up a position at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In this book, he discussed the Japanese history from the foundation of the Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji Period in terms of politics and thought.
 

"The Book of Tea" written by Tenshin Okakura (the first edition published in 1904; Courtesy of Tenshin Memorial Museum of Art, Ibaraki)
In this book, Tenshin introduced the beauty and artistic spirit of the East through the Japanese tea ceremony.
 
The Japanese language version of "The Book of Tea" can be read at "Aozora Bunko," an e-library on the Internet. The original written in English can also be read at Project Gutenberg, an e-library.
 

"The Book of Tea" at Aozora BunkoLinkIcon
 
The Book of Tea LinkIcon